Children Exposed to Mercury, Lead at High Risk of ADHD - Canada study

Young children exposed to certain heavy metals are at higher risk for problems with attention and behaviour later in life, a new study shows.

The study followed nearly 300 Inuit children who were born in northern Quebec, Canada.

One of the main sources of protein in the Inuit diet is beluga whale meat, which can be high in mercury.

Inuit children are exposed to lead when they eat shot pellets that are used to kill geese and ducks.

Lead and mercury are potent toxins, and the developing brains of young children are vulnerable to their effects.

Mercury Poisoning
Studies of kids with mercury poisoning show they have trouble with language skills, attention, and coordination, as well as other problems.

Mercury poisoning can result in several diseases, including acrodynia (pink disease), Hunter-Russell syndrome, and Minamata disease.

Lead Poisoning
Lead poisoning also affects learning and memory.

Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive and nervous systems.

It interferes with the development of the nervous system and is therefore particularly toxic to children, causing potentially permanent learning and behaviour disorders, such as ADHD/ADD.

Researchers tested a sample of Inuit children's umbilical cord blood at birth for a range of environmental contaminants and nutrients.

Years later, when the children were between the ages of 8 and 14, researchers asked their teachers to complete questionnaires about their behaviour.

Roughly 14% of the children in the study had inattentive behaviours of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A similar percentage of the children had hyperactive-impulsive behaviours of ADHD.

Mercury and Lead Linked to More Symptoms of ADHD
Children with the highest concentrations of mercury in their cord blood had more trouble paying attention than those with lower levels.

They were also about three times more likely to be flagged by their teachers as having these symptoms of ADHD.

That was true even after researchers accounted for things linked to ADHD, like low birth weight and whether or not the mother used tobacco during pregnancy.

Researchers say the mercury levels seen in the study were extremely high. Most women of childbearing age in the U.S. have blood levels of mercury that are about one-third as high, according to the CDC.

Certain groups of people, like Asian-Americans born in China, who eat traditional diets rich in large fish like shark, tuna, and swordfish, have been found to have blood levels of mercury that are in the same extreme range as found in this study, says researcher Gina Muckle, PhD, of Laval University in Quebec, Canada.

In contrast, Inuit children with even low to moderate blood levels of lead -- closer to levels measured in some U.S. children -- were more than four times more likely to have problems with hyperactivity than kids with lower lead levels.

"The effects we are seeing are at very low levels of exposure. In [the] U.S. and Canada, for example, we estimate that 10% of children would be exposed to these blood lead levels," says Muckle.

U.S. children can be exposed to lead when they eat tiny chips of lead-based paint, which can be found in homes built prior to 1978.

The study (Prenatal Methylmercury, Postnatal Lead Exposure, and Evidence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Inuit Children in Arctic Québec) is published in Environmental Health Perspectives. It was paid for by government grants from the U.S. and Canada.